Volume 16 Issue 5

S.No.	Article Title & Authors (Volume 16, Issue 5, October - 2023)	Page Nos.	Status
1.	A Case Study of Fatigue Damage Analysis of the Condenser-Compressor Connecting Tube of a Truck’s Air Conditioning System Gustavo W. L. de Lima, Rafiq S. D. Jabour, Roberto L. de Assumpcao, Pablo Y. Y. Kubo and Marco A. Luersen International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 274-280, October 2023. ABSTRACT This paper presents a fatigue damage analysis of the metallic tube that connects the compressor and the condenser in a truck's air conditioning system. During an accelerated durability test performed with a truck in a proving track, fatigue failure was detected in this component. Then, in order to observe the component’s mechanical behaviour in greater detail and learn more about the failure, new tests were conducted. In these tests, a fresh part was instrumented with strain gauges to estimate the damage required for the component to endure 100% of the intended operation time (approximately 10 years of vehicle usage). The measurements from the strain gauges were analysed using the strain-life fatigue method associated with the Rainflow counting technique and the Palmgren-Miner rule to compute the damage. The strain-life approach employed here was based on the Coffin-Manson-Basquin formula, with the Morrow mean stress correction. The objective of the damage estimation is to provide guidance for future design changes aimed at increasing the component’s lifetime.	274-280	Online
2.	Feasibility Analysis of Utilizing Civil Construction Waste in Pavement Bases, Subbases, and Subgrades: A Systematic Literature Review Vitor Alvares and Philippe Barbosa Silva International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 281-301, October 2023. ABSTRACT Considering the high rates of generation and heterogeneous composition of construction waste (CW), coupled with their improper disposal, significant challenges arise for public authorities. This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of employing recycled aggregates, derived from CW in pavement applications through a systematic literature review spanning the past 10 years (2011-2021). The primary objective is to establish that this material meets the necessary physical and mechanical requirements for implementation in base reinforcement and sub-base of pavements, thereby mitigating the environmental impacts caused by the improper disposal of CW. The research was conducted following the PRISMA protocol, applying a series of rigorous steps for the selection of relevant publications related to the addressed subject. This process resulted in the selection of 25 articles from 11 different countries. The analysis of these studies allowed for the identification of the physico-mechanical characterization tests employed across various countries, the observed standards, the types of recycled aggregates utilized, and the comparison of results. These results were deemed satisfactory by all authors, indicating the viability of using Recycled Concrete Waste (RCDW) in granular pavement layers, while adhering to the prevailing standards specific to each region.	281-301	Online
3.	Enhancing Early-Stage Diabetes Prediction using Data Mining Algorithms and Normalisation Techniques Ravikant Kholwal International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 302-313, October 2023. ABSTRACT The global rise in diabetes prevalence is a pressing health concern, emphasizing the critical need for timely interventions and effective diagnostic strategies. Early detection of diabetes is of paramount importance as it allows for timely interventions, potentially preventing or delaying the onset of complications associated with the disease. Early-stage diabetes detection can lead to better management and control of the condition, reducing the risk of severe complications and improving the overall quality of life for patients. In the realm of medical research, data mining algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for extracting meaningful patterns and insights from vast amounts of data. These algorithms, when applied to medical datasets, have the potential to revolutionize the way diseases like diabetes are detected and managed. The focus of this study is to explore the potential of detecting early-stage diabetes using attributes that are not strictly medical in nature. Such an approach can broaden the scope of diabetes detection, making it more accessible and potentially more efficient. To achieve this, the study delves into the evaluation of various data normalization techniques. Normalization is a crucial step in data preprocessing, ensuring that the features in a dataset are on a comparable scale. This is vital for the performance of many machine learning algorithms, as features on different scales can unduly influence the outcome. Several algorithms were employed in this study, including Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC). These algorithms were applied to the Early Stage Diabetes Risk Prediction Dataset, which was preprocessed using normalization methods like Decimal Point Scaling, Z-Score Normalisation, and Pareto Scaling, to name a few. The results of this study are promising. Notably, even without relying on traditional medical diagnostic data, early-stage diabetes prediction was achievable. The Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC), when combined with the right data normalization technique, stood out among the algorithms, achieving a prediction accuracy rate of 99.038%. This accuracy is a testament to the potential of data-driven approaches in medical research and their ability to provide valuable insights into disease detection and management.	302-313	Online
4.	Comparative Performance Analysis between Conventional Asphalt and Rubber-Modified Asphalt Rute Coutinho Silva and Bernardo Antonio Silva Ramos International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 314-328, October 2023. ABSTRACT In geotechnical engineering constructions, technical regulations prescribe a minimum number of drilling tests to allow the definition of the geotechnical profile of the site. However, even meeting this prerogative, obtaining data through this type of investigation is punctual, which can lead to errors in geological-geotechnical interpretations. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the use of seismic refraction and MASW methods as complementary tests to the SPT geotechnical investigation method, to validate the use of these methodologies to interpret a tropical soil profile. The seismic and geotechnical investigations were carried out in a vertical excavation located in the northwest region of the city of Brasília – DF, Brazil. The results showed a good correlation between the seismic methods and the SPT regarding the identification of soil layers present at the site. For both seismic methods, it was possible to verify an increase in the velocities of the VS and VP waves with increasing depth, which allowed the evaluation of the interfaces between the soil layers in the first 15 meters. It can also be verified that both methodologies have the potential to identify layers of porous soils with collapsible behaviour.	314-328	Online
5.	Characterization of Electrical Resistivity of Barium – Niobium Ferrite Marcelo Robert Fonseca Gontijo, Alessandro Leonardo da Silva, Heron Viterbre Debique Sousa, Icaro Viterbre Debique Sousa, Thais Prado Vasconcelos, Ivana Prado de Vasconcelos, Artur Saturnino Rodrigues, Kennedy Washington de Jesus, Iuri dos Santos Manoel, Antonio Mendes Magalhaes Junior International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 329-335, October 2023. ABSTRACT The spinel ferrites ceramics present important characteristics technologic due the electric conduction and magnetic properties. The spinel ferrites are oxides with chemical formula MFe2O4, where M is a metallic divalent ion [1-3,12-14,16-19]. The system BaNbxFe2-xO4, ferrite was prepared using ceramics techniques in reaction of solid state. The materials have chemical formula given by BaNbxFe2-xO4, 0.00? x ? 0.10; where x in steps of 0.02 for higher iron concentration and to 0.1? x ?1.0 where x in steps of 0.2 for low iron concentration. This present work reports the influence of the niobium ion Nb3+ substitution the iron ion Fe3+ in the properties electric, such as; resistivity electrical, dielectric constant and activation energy. The samples was pre-sintered in an electrical furnace for 6h in an air atmosphere at 673K, 24h at 873K and the final sintering of the samples were carried out for 48h at 1273K. The DC electrical conductivity was measured using two probe methods in range from ambient temperature 301K, 323K, 373K, 423K, 473K and 523K with voltage of (0V - 40V). The AC resistivity was measured in the function of frequency (20Hz - 1MHz). The electrical conductivity measurements showed is a semiconductor behavior for all the samples, since x= 0.00 until x=1.0.	329-335	Online
6.	Evolution of Federal Aviation Administration`s Rigid Pavement Design Methods Applied to brasília international Airport, Brazil Bernardo Antonio Silva Ramos International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 336-347, October 2023. ABSTRACT The present study aims to showcase the evolution of the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) rigid pavement design method through a case study applied to Runway 11R/29L at President Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport (SBBR) located in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. A rigid pavement project was proposed for this runway using the empirical method presented in Circular AC 150-5320-6D [4] and the mechanistic-empirical method presented in Circular AC 150/5320-6D [7]. The empirical method will be employed using the charts presented in the circular itself and the electronic spreadsheet R805FAA [5]. Meanwhile, the mechanistic-empirical method will be considered through the software FAARFIELD v.2.0.18 [8]. The thickness of the stabilized base layer was kept at 5 inches, and the thickness of the concrete slab varied between 16.7 (AC 5320-6D and FAARFIELD) and 18.4 inches (R805FAA). The pavement structures obtained clearly illustrate the advancements achieved in FAA's design methods, considering all the limitations imposed by the operational traffic mix in the empirical method.	336-347	Online
7.	Predictive Health Modeling for COVID-19 Patients Using Enhanced Random Forest Ensembles Ravikant Kholwal International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 348-359, October 2023. ABSTRACT The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into wireless infrastructure and real-time data processing on end-user devices is pivotal in today's technologically advanced era, especially for detecting and predicting large-scale pandemics. The unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19, originating in Wuhan, China, has underscored the urgency of leveraging advanced technologies to combat the widespread consequences of such pandemics. The virus has had a profound impact globally, pushing even the most advanced healthcare systems to their limits. As of 11 May 2020, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control agency reported over 4,063,525 confirmed cases and 282,244 deaths globally. The rapid surge in cases accentuates the need for swift and efficient utilization of AI techniques to predict the trajectories and outcomes of infected individuals, enabling the allocation of appropriate treatments. In response to this, the research proposed a refined Random Forest model, augmented with the AdaBoost algorithm, as a potential solution to predict the severity and outcomes of COVID-19 cases. The model leverages a diverse range of patient data, encompassing geographical, travel, health, and demographic details, to make predictions about the severity of cases and the likelihood of recovery or death. The model demonstrated a high level of accuracy, achieving a 94% accuracy rate on the utilized dataset, with an F1 Score of 0.86. The analysis of the data revealed a notable correlation between gender and mortality rates and indicated that the majority of patients were within the 20 to 70 years age range. This research underscores the potential of AI in enhancing our ability to respond to pandemics by providing insights into the severity and possible outcomes of individual cases based on a variety of factors. The integration of such advanced technologies into our healthcare and data collection systems is crucial for developing more effective strategies for managing and mitigating the impacts of future pandemics.	348-359	Online
8.	Enhancing Sustainable Housing Practices for Low-Income Communities in Nigeria as a Pathway to Achieve SDG-11 Tajudeen O. AJAYI, Olasunmbo O. ADHUZE, Olawale W. ADEAGA International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 360-375, October 2023. ABSTRACT This paper systematically reviews 37 articles on sustainable housing practices for low-income communities in Nigeria, a developing country with a huge housing deficit and poverty rate, to address SDG-11 of making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. The paper follows the PRISMA guidelines and covers a period of 14 years (2009–2022). The paper uses descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and meta-analysis methods to answer the research questions. The results show that sustainable housing practices are influenced by multiple factors, such as environmental, social, economic, cultural, institutional, and technological factors. The paper also identifies the most common and effective practices, such as bioclimatic design, vernacular architecture, passive solar design, renewable energy, energy efficiency, low-carbon materials, water conservation, waste management, community participation, affordability, accessibility, and cultural sensitivity. The paper discusses the benefits, challenges, gaps, and implications of these practices for stakeholders and concludes with recommendations and future research directions.	360-375	Online
9.	Replacement of Cement by Filler to Reduce CO2 and Nano-Silica to Ensure High-Performance Composites Igor da Silva Brito, Sandro Martini, Ricardo Jorge Espanhol Andrade and Bruno Luis Damineli International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 376-391, October 2023. ABSTRACT High-performance cementitious composites (HPC) represent a class of materials known for higher mechanical strength compared to traditional ones. Incorporating nanomaterials like metakaolin (MK) and microsilica (MS) can lead to greater improvements in mechanical properties. However, these materials, and mainly cement, entail environmental impact as they require high-temperature transformation processes. So, even high-strength concretes must address environmental concerns, necessitating innovative approaches. The replacement of cement with inert fillers has emerged as a strategy for reducing cement content and environmental impact, since their production involves grinding rather than high-temperature processes, resulting in lower CO2 emissions. However, their inert nature limits reactivity, compromising the performance. This study seeks to evaluate the feasibility of producing HPC by partially replacing cement with quartz fillers (QF). This substitution was accompanied by the addition of small quantities of nano-silica to evaluate if losses in rheology and strength, caused by increased filler content, could be compensated. It was developed 5 mixtures: M0 (reference); and M1 to M4, with cement replacement by contents of 4 to 16% of NS and QF. It was measured rheological and mechanical performance. Results show that nano-silica's high surface area enhances hydration reactions, contributing to the mechanical performance, and can increase the packing of particles due to its very fine particle size distribution, contributing to rheological performance. Nevertheless, these benefits are restricted to a maximum content: after the limit where voids between coarser particles are fully filled by NS, it does not contribute to packing anymore, but the surface area continues to grow directly proportional to NS increase, with negative impacts on final rheological performance.	376-391	Online
10.	Technological Challenges of BIM-Based Automatic Rule Checking: A Review Caue C. Santiago and Ana Regina Mizrahy Cuperschmid International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 392-414, October 2023. ABSTRACT BIM Systematics for Process Optimization have been widely developed in recent years, considering the benefits they provide to the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector. One of the systematics that deserves to be highlighted is automatic rule checking, which allows for the automation of specific compliance relevant to several design modalities. With this in mind, it is imperative to search for ways to automate processes of design compliance. This study, by a systematic literature review (SR), seeks to understand the current state of the art regarding the automation of BIM-based design compliance. With it, it was possible to identify the main points inherent to the process, such as (i) the main tools used, (ii) how the Industry Foundation Class scheme was used, (iii) the procedures and challenges found for the development of design. The evaluation indicates that it is possible to highlight the complexity of the process, especially for its implementation. Each study approaches the topic in a different way, using specific strategies. The use of hard-coded mechanisms proved to be the most suitable for developing specific systems. The findings suggest that the greatest difficulties and limitations of the studies analyzed are directly related to the technology axis, more specifically regarding the treatment and manipulation of geometry in general.	392-414	Online
11.	Text-Classify: A Comprehensive Comparative Study of Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and KNN Models for Enhanced Text Classification Performance Ravikant Kholwal International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 415-433, October 2023. ABSTRACT In an era inundated with text documents, the essence of text classification technology is paramount, serving as a linchpin for the categorization and delineation of diverse content types and facilitating streamlined information retrieval. This research delineates the development of an intricate text classification model, specifically tailored for BBC news articles, utilizing pivotal machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, random forest, and K-nearest neighbour algorithms. The model is meticulously structured into distinct segments including text preprocessing, representation, classifier implementation, and classification, each playing a crucial role in the overall classification process. The evaluation phase of this research was marked by rigorous testing and analytical scrutiny of three distinct classifiers on the BBC news dataset, focusing on deriving outputs characterized by parameters like accuracy, precision, F1-score, support matrix, and confusion matrix. These parameters were instrumental in providing insights into the features exhibiting the highest value across various classes in the dataset, thereby assessing the reliability and performance of the classification models in categorizing text data effectively. The findings of this research underscore the superior efficacy of the logistic regression classifier, integrated with the TF-IDF Vectorizer feature, achieving an impressive accuracy of 97% on the dataset, proving its reliability especially with smaller datasets. The random forest and K-nearest neighbour classification algorithms also demonstrated commendable accuracy, with rates of 93% and 92% respectively, contributing to the advancements in the field of text classification using machine learning methodologies. The insights derived from the extensive evaluations and comparisons conducted have not only contributed to the advancement of text classification methodologies but also have enhanced the capability to organize and retrieve information efficiently in news articles. This refined classification system optimizes information retrieval in news content and lays down foundational innovations in text classification, extending its applicability to diverse domains and content types, and paving the way for more intuitive and intelligent information management systems. This document serves as a comprehensive guide, elucidating the selection rationale for these specific algorithms and aiding in discerning the most apt algorithm amongst the evaluated ones, based on meticulous analysis conducted, keeping in view the advancements and nuances in the field. The detailed exploration and results of this study are aimed at providing accessible and comprehensible solutions, advancing the field of text classification, and offering insights into models' decision-making processes, thereby fostering a deeper understanding of the models' decisions made through them.	415-433	Online
12.	Robot Cell Simulation using Robot Studio and Tia Portal Emerson Jorge de Oliveira Rezende and Marco Rogerio da Silva Richetto International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 434-445, October 2023. ABSTRACT Modern industrial automation demands efficiency, precision, and flexibility as paramount requirements. Within this context, the integration of Siemens' TIA Portal and ABB's RobotStudio in a simulated environment emerges as a promising paradigm to streamline the programming, simulation, and validation of automated systems. This article delves into the advantages of such integration and its potential to redefine the landscape of automation project design and execution, while underscoring the TIA Portal and RobotStudio application as pivotal catalysts for excellence in industrial automation. The amalgamation of these tools offers an array of benefits, including streamlined development processes, meticulous programming, effective training opportunities, and enhanced performance analysis. Furthermore, it furnishes a secure virtual milieu for algorithm and control strategy testing prior to physical implementation. By gaining access to intricate metrics, bottlenecks can be readily identified and processes optimized preemptively, thereby yielding heightened efficiency and superior production quality. Operational agility attains its zenith as innovative configurations and processes become amenable to testing within the virtual realm. The findings unequivocally affirm that investing in automation accrues substantial benefits to the industry. This approach not only augments production processes but also positions corporations at the forefront of innovation and competitiveness.	434-445	Online
13.	Analysis and Design of Submicrometer MOSFETs for High Performance: A Review Roberto Marani and Anna Gina Perri International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 446-454, October 2023. ABSTRACT In this review we present the analysis and design of submicrometer MOSFETs for high performance. In particular we describe the very many second-order effects that occur or are further amplified in submicrometer MOSFETs. Then the scaling rules are examined, which make it possible to improve the speed and density of integration, fundamental requirements in the context of ULSI but which must be verified when a reduction of the MOS size. Particular attention is dedicated to the methods used to reduce the hot electron effects and, at last, we describe a submicrometer MOSFET, in which all the technological solutions adopted to improve the operating conditions of the device are highlighted.	446-454	Online
14.	Benefits of Incorporating Tire Rubber into Asphalt Binder for Rubberized Asphalt Aline Gontijo de Aguiar, Renan Pires dos Reis and Bernardo Antonio Silva Ramos International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 16 Issue 5, pp. 455-467, October 2023. ABSTRACT When designing an asphalt overlay, it is essential to ensure that, in addition to providing comfort and safety to traffic, it also protects the sub-base, base, reinforcement, and subgrade layers. To achieve this, it is important to analyze the characteristics of the materials used and their behavior within the pavement structure. This study aims to analyze the results obtained in laboratory tests of asphalt binder with the use of ground tire rubber as an addition to asphalt cement through the wet incorporation process. The objective is to determine and evaluate the influence of the addition at different levels and compare them to conventional asphalt binder without any addition. The necessary data for the study and the main characteristics of the binder were obtained in the laboratory through tests such as penetration, softening point, flash point, elastic recovery using a ductilometer, and Saybolt-Furol viscosity. Analyzing the results obtained, it is evident that there are benefits to adding tire rubber to the physical behavior of the binder. It was possible to determine that there was an increase in the material's melting point compared to the binder without any addition, indicating an increase in resistance to permanent deformations. It was also observed that there is an increase in the consistency and ductility of the material with increasing rubber content, contributing to increased shear resistance and elasticity modulus, which could help reduce the occurrence of cracks in the pavement surface.	455-467	Online