Volume 17 Issue 6

S.No.	Article Title & Authors (Volume 17, Issue 6, December - 2024)	Page Nos.	Status
1.	Classification of Water Quality by Different Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Mario Elias Carvalho do Nascimento, Ralpho Rinaldo dos Reis International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 551-565, December 2024. ABSTRACT The water and the monitoring of its quality is an area of great importance for modern society. Indexes for assessing water quality (WQI) have been developed for many years, serving as easy-to-interpret tools. However, with the increase in data collection and consequently an increase in the complexity of systems, there is a need to use automated and more modern techniques. With the increasing use of machine learning algorithms to optimize processes, this work proposed to evaluate 10 classic machine learning models (LDA – Linear Discriminant Analysis, QDA – Quadratic Discriminant Analysis, LR – Logistic Regression, Perceptron, RC – Ridge Classifier, GNB – Gaussian Naive Bayes, KNN – Knearest Neighbors, SVM – Support Vector Machine, DT – Decision Tree and MLP – Multilayer Perceptron) and 5 ensemble models (ADB - AdaBoost, BAG - Bagging, ET - Extra Tree, GDB - Gradient Boosting and RF – Random Forest). The statistical evaluation of the obtained models was made using the following metrics: balanced accuracy, precision, recall and f1, confusion matrix. Then, the number of variables was reduced to ensure an acceptable classification and the limit of 4 features was reached (tc – thermotolerant coliforms, bod – biochemical oxygen demand, do – dissolved oxygen and tp – total phosphorus). The SVM and GDB techniques stood out as they obtained the best metrics. This work demonstrated the feasibility of using artificial intelligence models to classify water quality, as well as the possibility of predicting this classification with a smaller number of measured variables.	551-565	Online
2.	Influence of Glass and Polypropylene Fibers on the Residual Tensile Strengths of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Arthur Francisco Claro Ribeiro, Antonio de Paulo Peruzzi, Rodrigo Gustavo Delalibera, Carlos Eduardo Marmorato Gomes International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 566-579, December 2024. ABSTRACT This study aims to investigates the post-cracking behaviour of glass fiber (GF) and polypropylene (PP) reinforced concrete and the effect of hybrid fibre combinations on the mechanical properties of the composite. The effect of these dosages on Limit of Proportionality (LOP) and Residual Strength (fr), which were determined through bending Tensile Tests, had been used to analytically study the data obtained from six different concrete mixtures with different contents of fiber. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted to understand the fiber-matrix interface and identify potential fiber detachment. The M25-75 hybrid mix (25% GF and 75% PP fibers) exhibited the best post-cracking performance, with an LOP of 3.87 MPa and a Residual Strength of 1.80 MPa at 4% strain (fr4). In contrast, the M75-25 mix (75% GF and 25% PP fibers) showed the best performance in the elastic phase, with an LOP of 4.33 MPa and a lower Residual Strength of 1.22 MPa at 4% strain. These results suggest that while GF fibers enhance the LOP, PP fibers improve Residual Strength. Their hybridization achieves an equilibrium between Initial Strength and Ductility, therefore, hybrid concrete appears to be a viable alternative in structural application.	566-579	Online
3.	Studies of Geopolymer Samples by Non-Destructive Testing Mariana Arruda Pereira, Eliane Prado Cunha Santos, Fabiano Luiz Naves and Daisyka Bárbara Rocha da Silva International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 580-592, December 2024. ABSTRACT Geopolymers are inorganic materials that have been studied since 1972 due to their advantages over Portland cement concrete, such as greater inertia, lower CO? emissions, and greater chemical and fire resistance. The use of the ultrasonic velocity propagation technique, a non-destructive and widely used method for evaluating the quality of Portland cement concrete, has also been applied to geopolymers. However, the chemical composition and proportions of the materials used to produce geopolymers affect properties such as density, porosity, and absorption, which directly influence the propagation of ultrasonic waves. These factors indicate that the ultrasonic velocity propagation technique may not be entirely reliable for qualifying geopolymers, which is why more research on the subject is needed. Given this scenario, this study investigated how variations in the composition of geopolymer samples can impact the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves, considering an experimental design using response surfaces and taking into account the following variables: propagation speed of ultrasonic waves, compressive strength, absorption and specific mass. The results obtained demonstrated that the use of sodium silicate in geopolymer formulations to evaluate the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves, considering a significance level of 5%, was significant (p = 0.002), that is, less than p0.	580-592	Online
4.	Deposition of Metal Oxides (Mo-Cu-Ti-Fe) Using the Cathodic Cage Deposition Technique Ediones Maciel de Sousa, Marcos Cristino de Sousa Brito, Lucas Pereira da Silva, Brenda Jakellinny de Sousa Nolêto, Lauriene Gonçalves da Luz Silva, Renan Matos Monção, Lucas Santos Garreto, Thercio Henrique de Carvalho Costa, Samuel Filgueiras Rodrigues, Cleânio da Luz Lima, Rômulo Ribeiro Magalhães de Sousa International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 593-602, December 2024. ABSTRACT This study analysed the formation of metal oxide films (Mo-Cu-Ti-Fe) using the cathodic cage deposition method. By varying the cage cover, films with different properties and compositions were produced. These films were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and roughness measurements. The results showed that films with good adhesion to the substrate were formed, as well as the presence of crystalline phases typical of the deposited oxides. These characteristics indicate that the cathodic cage deposition method is suitable for producing high-quality thin films, making it a promising alternative for applications in catalysis, sensors and electronic devices.	593-602	Online
5.	Geodetic Measurement Techniques for 3D Surveying of Surfaces and Built Structures - Instrumental Calibration Valdeny Caroline de Vasconcelos Lima, Andrea de Seixas, Sílvio Jacks dos Anjos Garnés, Juciela Cristina dos Santos International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 603-617, December 2024. ABSTRACT In the 3D geodetic survey of surfaces and built structures, the terrestrial measurement instruments typically used are digital levels and total stations. Before collecting field data, particularly for projects aiming at precise results, it is essential to ensure that the measuring instruments are inspected, adjusted, if necessary, classified, and calibrated procedures that are crucial for guaranteeing the accuracy of field measurements. Thus, to ensure the accuracy of the instrument used before field operations began, the Kukkamaeki method was applied to check collimation error, and both the simplified and complete methods of ISO standard 17123-2 (2001) were used to assess the precision of the digital level. It was not necessary to adjust the digital level since both the collimation error value (c) and the equipment's precision were within the specifications required by the methods and standards. Similarly, the horizontal and vertical circles of the total station were verified using the direction method with the AstGeoTop software, and the angular uncertainty achieved complied with NBR 13133 (2021), classified as average angular precision. For future work, it is recommended to automate the robotic total station for prism search and collimation at the observed points.	603-617	Online
6.	Analysis of the Orientation of an EDMI Calibration Baseline using Online GNSS Processing Services Isaac Ramos Junior, Andrea de Seixas, Sílvio Jacks dos Anjos Garnés, Juciela Cristina dos Santos International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 618-630 December 2024. ABSTRACT This study evaluated the orientation of the electronic distance measuring instruments calibration baseline at the Federal University of Pernambuco, using data from two CHCNAV i50 GNSS receivers. The data were processed through the AUSPOS and IBGE-PPP online services. The calibration baseline comprises seven pillars equipped with forcing center devices. After the field survey, data from all pillars were submitted in RINEX format to the two processing services. However, due to significant sky obstruction from a nearby building, reports were only received for pillars 4 and 6 from both services. Despite this limitation, the study proceeded using the P4-P6 alignment derived from the geodetic coordinates in the reports. Calculations were performed for geodetic azimuths, geodetic distances, and transformations into plane coordinates for both online processing services. Results were then compared with two previous studies that employed total station surveys. The observed plane distance differences were 0.1725m (AUSPOS) and 0.0235m (IBGE-PPP), corresponding to relative linear precisions of 1/518 and 1/3308, respectively. In this context, the IBGE-PPP service provided better precision, though it was still below the levels stated in its reports. The study recommends using its IBGE-PPP results cautiously for tasks requiring relative linear precision up to 1/3308. Additionally, for the pillars 4 and 6, it suggests longer GNSS occupation times (>8 hours) for applications demanding higher precision.	618-630	Online
7.	Cost-Efficient Optimization of Synthetic Mooring Systems with Polymer Springs for 15 MW Floating Wind Turbines in Shallow Waters Salvatore Verde, Eduardo Nobre Lages International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 631-645, December 2024. ABSTRACT The deployment of larger wind turbines has significantly reduced energy costs but has also introduced new challenges for installations in intermediate water depths (50–150 m), where efficient mooring systems are critical. While traditional chain catenary arrangements and polyester-based solutions are widely used, they often fail to adequately mitigate peak loads or maintain platform pitch control, particularly under extreme environmental conditions. Nylon has emerged as a promising mooring material due to its inherent elasticity, which effectively reduces peak loading. However, its use can lead to increased platform pitch and may raise concerns about long-term fatigue performance. To address these issues, recent optimization frameworks have focused on hybrid nylon-chain systems, fine-tuning parameters such as line length and diameter. The integration of Load Reduction Devices (LDRs), tailored in length, target load, and stiffness, further enhances mooring performance by mitigating peak loads and fatigue damage while preserving platform stability and compliance. In this study, an LDR-nylon-chain mooring system was optimized to minimize both LDR length and target load across various platform radii. The resulting configurations achieved substantial cost reductions without compromising motion performance requirements. Minor adjustments were required to ensure compliance with tension limits, and subsequent analyses revealed pronounced peaks in the system’s power spectrum—attributed to the LDR’s low damping characteristics—thus highlighting an area that warrants further refinement. Overall, this work provides valuable insights for designing cost-effective and reliable mooring systems in shallow water environments, thereby advancing safe and economical floating wind technology.	631-645	Online
8.	Analysis of Thermo-Energy Performance in Artificially Conditioned Bedrooms from Social Housing Buildings in Brazil Juliana Yuriko Chagas Cruz Alves, Saulo Guths, Deivis Luis Marinoski and Ana Kelly Marinoski Ribeiro International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 646-654 December 2024. ABSTRACT Brazil, with a territorial extension of approximately 8.5 million km² and diverse climatic conditions, is distributed into eight bioclimatic zones. This study examined the impact of thermal insulation on the envelope of a single-family social housing unit located in bioclimatic zones 3 and 8 in Brazil. Various envelope solutions that incorporate thermal insulation were evaluated to assess the effect on the nighttime energy performance of artificially conditioned bedrooms. The analyses were conducted through computer simulations using EnergyPlus 8.1 software on a housing unit model with two bedrooms, comparing strategies for thermal insulation placement on walls and roofs across four Brazilian cities: Florianópolis, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Natal. The parameters evaluated in the simulations were: types of walls; types of roofs; types of windows; orientation; use of insulation in the envelope; and with or without daytime natural ventilation. The findings indicated that optimal thermal-energy performance is achieved when thermal insulation was applied solely to the internal part of the envelope walls. Furthermore, the analysis conducted in the four cities demonstrated that the building's thermal performance was compromised in the absence of daytime ventilation, even with the presence of thermal insulation. This result emphasized the importance of implementing mechanisms that promote daytime ventilation, such as pivoting windows or ventilated shutters. This study presented important strategies to enhance energy efficiency in artificially conditioned bedrooms, which can be adopted during the design phase of new social housings.	646-654	Online
9.	Wear Resistance of SAE 5160 Steel Deposited by Duplex Simultaneous with Hastelloy Cathodic Cage Marcos Cristino de Sousa Brito, Brenda Jakellinny de Sousa Nolêto, Lucas Pereira da Silva, Lauriene Gonçalves da Luz Silva, Ediones Maciel de Sousa, Weslley Rick Viana Sampaio, André Sales Aguiar Furtado, Petteson Linniker Carvalho Serra, Maria Fernanda Águas Schünemann, Luciana Sgarbi Rossino, Thercio Henrique de Carvalho Costa, Rômulo Ribeiro Magalhães de Sousa International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 655-664, December 2024. ABSTRACT In this work, the cathodic cage plasma deposition (CCPD) technique was applied to SAE 5160 steel, using Hastelloy cathodic cage (nickel alloy) with the aim of increasing the surface hardness and wear resistance of this steel. The deposition treatments were carried out with the samples at cathodic potential. In this work, two different atmosphere conditions were studied (75%H2/25%N2 and 25%H2/75%N2), at a temperature of 450°C during 4 hours. The coatings formed were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness and microabrasive wear tests. Both treatment conditions favored the formation of coatings with high microhardness and excellent adhesion to the substrate. The treatment carried out in the most hydrogen-rich atmosphere (75%H2/25%N2) showed greater layer thickness and superior wear resistance, with a reduction of around 65% in the worn volume.	655-664	Online
10.	Discrete State Feedback Control of a Furuta Pendulum using State Estimator Luiz Eduardo Pivovar, Uiliam Nelson Lendzion Tomaz Alves, Ricardo Breganon, Rodrigo Henrique Cunha Palácios and Márcio Mendonça International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 665-686 December 2024. ABSTRACT The Furuta Pendulum is a mechanical system designed to simulate the problem of self-balancing. It consists of a motor, an arm, and a rod connected by rotational joints. Its control challenge involves stabilizing the rod above its rotational axis in an equilibrium position. The Furuta Pendulum’s multivariable and highly nonlinear dynamics make it suitable for comparison to problems with significant connections to industry and society, such as stabilizing bipedal robots, individual transport vehicles, and modelling buildings to study the impact of earthquakes on their structures. This paper presents the construction of a Furuta Pendulum prototype and its mathematical modeling using the Lagrangian formulation. State feedback control designs were developed to stabilize the pendulum using Pole Placement and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) techniques. Since the controllers are implemented via a digital computer, the Analog/Digital and Digital/Analog converters in the control loop were considered in the controller’s design by describing the system’s dynamics in discrete time and using discrete-time control techniques. State estimators were also implemented to estimate the state variables needed for feedback that are not physically measured in the prototype. The performances of the controllers were compared through graphical analysis and the ITAE (Integral of Time Multiplied by Absolute Error) index. The results indicated that both controllers were able to stabilize the pendulum’s rod in a vertical position and make the system arm follow a specific reference. The LQR controller showed a slightly more satisfactory performance than the Pole Placement controller, with smaller amplitudes of oscillation around the reference in the practical experiments and a shorter time to reach equilibrium in the simulations.	665-686	Online
11.	Enhancing Mechanical and Corrosion Resistance of AISI 304 Stainless Steel with Different Degrees of Rolling and using Plasma Nitriding Renan Matos Monção, Wenio Fhará Alencar Borges, Ediones Maciel de Sousa, Francisco Wlaudy Erimar Lourenço de Araujo Junior, Bruno Alessandro Silva Guedes de Lima, Rafael Marinho Bandeira, Thercio Henrique Carvalho Costa, Francisco Riccely Pereira Feitosa, Romulo Ribeiro Magalhães de Sousa International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 687-698, December 2024. ABSTRACT Due to its good corrosion resistance and ductility, 304 stainless steel (304 SS) is a material of choice for various applications. However, its hardness and wear resistance are often not low enough to cater to the demands of highly demanding fields. It is possible to upgrade these characteristics and the life and performance of the parts processed from this material using an established technique, plasma nitriding. This study made a significant contribution to the field by examining the impact of plasma nitriding on 304 SS samples subjected to different degrees of prior rolling, ranging from 0% to 50%. The authors sought to deepen their knowledge of the role of this premodification in nitrogen uptake, the formation of the nitrided phase, and, consequently, the mechanical properties. The characterization methods included X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Vickers microhardness, and corrosion resistance tests. The resultant findings confirmed a priori the necessity for a pre-rolling forming pre-treatment of the steel to modify its microstructure and, as a result, the efficiency of the plasma nitriding treatment. As determined by the study, a higher rolling degree before nitriding results in a higher number of phases that are generated nitrided, and consequently, a higher hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance of the samples with a higher rolling degree is much improved.	687-698	Online
12.	Comparative Study Between Load Distribution Methods on Straight Bridge Decks with Variation in the Number of Crossbeams - Open Section Superstructure Ana Carolina Prata das Dores Fraga, Francisco de Assis das Neves and Paulo Anderson Santana Rocha International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJAET), Volume 17 Issue 6, pp. 699-710 December 2024. ABSTRACT This work's objective is to analyze and dimension of Reinforced Concrete stringers using the Engesser-Courbon Method for moving loads and the Yield Line Theory, Areas of Influence and Grid Method for determining permanent loads. It also to evaluate the influence of the number and stiffness of crossbeams on load distribution. With the research, concluded that the Areas of Influence method has shown to be more effective on decks with high crossbeams stiffness. The Yield Line Theory offered more accurate results compared to the Areas of Influence Method. The number of crossbeams was what most impacted the difference in steel areas between the decks. When the crossbeams numbers went from 4 to 5 and from 5 to 6, there was a reduction in the steel areas of the reinforcements by 25%, 35% and 40% on average, between the steel areas of the vertical stirrups positive and negative longitudinal reinforcements respectively.	399-405	Online